Fisica | FUNDAMENTALS OF MATTER PHYSICS

cod. 0512600011

FUNDAMENTALS OF MATTER PHYSICS

	0512600011
	DIPARTIMENTO DI FISICA "E.R. CAIANIELLO"
	EQF6
	PHYSICS
	2018/2019

PERCORSO COMUNE Cohort 2016/2017

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 3
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2016
	SECONDO SEMESTRE

TEACHING UNITS

SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
FIS/03	7	56	LESSONS	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS
FIS/03	2	24	EXERCISES	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS

	Objectives
	THE COURSE IS INTENDED TO GIVE TO THE STUDENTS A BASIC KNOWKLEDGE OF ATOMIC AND STATE SOLID PHYSICS SO THAT THEY CAN HANDLE WITH BASICS PROBLEMS IN THESE FIELDS. THE GOAL IS TO MAKE THE STUDENT ABLE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC PHYSICS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS. MAINLY, THE KNOWLEDGE WILL BE ACQUIRED IN THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENTS: ENERGY LEVELS OF THE HYDROGENIC ATOMS IN BOTH THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AS WELL AS EXTERNAL ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD; CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF SOLIDS, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF THE METALS ALSO IN THE PRESENCE OF THE PERIODIC CRYSTALLINE FIELD. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METALS, ISOLANTS AND SEMICONDUCTORS. WITH THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO CALCULATE SOME FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES CHARACTERIZING THE PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENIC ATOMS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF BOTH EXTERNAL FIELDS AS WELL AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; TO EVALUATE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES OF A METAL AND A SEMICONDUCTOR.

THE COURSE IS INTENDED TO GIVE TO THE STUDENTS A BASIC KNOWKLEDGE OF ATOMIC AND STATE SOLID PHYSICS SO THAT THEY CAN HANDLE WITH BASICS PROBLEMS IN THESE FIELDS.
THE GOAL IS TO MAKE THE STUDENT ABLE TO SOLVE PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC PHYSICS, SPECTROSCOPY, AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS. MAINLY, THE KNOWLEDGE WILL BE ACQUIRED IN THE FOLLOWING ARGUMENTS: ENERGY LEVELS OF THE HYDROGENIC ATOMS IN BOTH THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AS WELL AS EXTERNAL ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD; CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF SOLIDS, TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF THE METALS ALSO IN THE PRESENCE OF THE PERIODIC CRYSTALLINE FIELD. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN METALS, ISOLANTS AND SEMICONDUCTORS. WITH THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED, THE STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO CALCULATE SOME FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES CHARACTERIZING THE PROPERTIES OF HYDROGENIC ATOMS IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF BOTH EXTERNAL FIELDS AS WELL AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; TO EVALUATE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES OF A METAL AND A SEMICONDUCTOR.

	Prerequisites
	KNOWLEDGE OF THE FOLLOWING TOPICS ARE REQUIRED: CLASSICAL PHYSICS (MECHANICS, THERMODINAMICS, ELECTROMAGNETISM, AND OPTICS); ANALITICAL MECHANINCS: QUANTUM PHYSICS (RESOLUTION OF UNIDIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS); ELEMENTS OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS.

	Contents
	ATOMIC PHYSICS ONE ELECTRON ATOMS. ENERGY LEVELS AND EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE BOUND STATES. EXPECTATIONS VALUES. THE VIRIAL THEOREM. PROBLEMS. (1 HOUR LECTURE). INTERACTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS. QUASI-CLASSICAL APPROXIMATION. THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATION. SELECTION RULES. LINE INTENSITIES AND THE LIFETIME OF THE EXCITED STATES. PROBLEMS. (10 HOURS LECTURES AND 2 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). FINE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGENIC ATOMS. INTERACTION OF ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS WITH ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FIELD. NORMAL AND ANOMALOUS ZEEMAN EFFECT. PASCHEN-BACK EFFECT. STARK EFFECT (LINEAR AND QUADRATIC). PROBLEMS. (4 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING). TWO-ELECTRON ATOMS. HAMILTONIAN OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. SPIN WAVE FUNCTIONS AND TTHE ROLE OF THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE: PARA AND ORTHO STATES. ENERGY LEVELS OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. GROUND STATE AND EXCITED STATES OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. PROBLEMS. (7 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). MANY ELECTRON ATOMS. THE CENTRAL FIELD APPROXIMATION. THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS. L-S COUPLING. J-J. HUND RULES. (2 HOURS LECTURES). SOLID STATE PHYSICS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. CRYSTAL LATTICES. RECIPROCAL LATTICE. BRILLOUIN ZONE.STRUTTURE CRISTALLINE. ESEMPI E TIPI DI RETICOLI CRISTALLINI. RETICOLO RECIPROCO. ZONE DI BRILLOUIN. BRAGG AND VON LAUE FORMULATION FOR THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION. PROBLEMS. (11 HOURS LECTURES AND 3 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). DRUDE MODEL OF THE METALS DC AND AC CONDUCTIVITY OF A METAL. HALL EFFECT AND MAGNETORESISTANCE. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. WIEDEMANN AND FRANZ LAW. PROBLEMS. (8 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING). THE SOMMERFELD THEORY OF METALS. DISTRIBUZIONE DI FERMI-DIRAC DISTRIBUTION. FREE ELECTRONS.THERMAL PROPERTIES OF A FREE ELECTRON GAS. ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT. PROBLEMS. (6 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). SCHROEDINGER EQUATION FOR A PERIODIC POTENTIAL. BLOCH THEOREM. PERIODICITY IIN THE MOMENTUM SPACE. ENERGY BANDS. QUASI-FREE ELECTRONS. TIGHT-BINDING APPROXIMATION. PROBLEMS. (6 HOURS LECTURES AND 4 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). THE SEMICLASSICAL MODEL. MOTION OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE BANDS AND THE EFFECTIVE MASS. CURRENTS IN THE BANDS AND HOLES. THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION AND THE RELAXATION TIME. PROBLEMS. (4 HOURS LECTURES AND 2 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING). SEMICONDUCTORS. THE BAND STRUCTURE OF SEMICONDUCTORS. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUTORS. CARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTORS. INHOMOGENEOUS SEMICONDUCTORS. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF A P-N JUNCTION. I-V CHARACTERISTICS. MAGNETORESISTANCE FOR A TWO CARRIER SYSTEM. PROBLEMS. (5 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING).

Contents

ATOMIC PHYSICS

ONE ELECTRON ATOMS. ENERGY LEVELS AND EIGENFUNCTIONS OF THE BOUND STATES. EXPECTATIONS VALUES. THE VIRIAL THEOREM. PROBLEMS. (1 HOUR LECTURE).
INTERACTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS. QUASI-CLASSICAL APPROXIMATION. THE DIPOLE APPROXIMATION. SELECTION RULES. LINE INTENSITIES AND THE LIFETIME OF THE EXCITED STATES. PROBLEMS. (10 HOURS LECTURES AND 2 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
FINE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGENIC ATOMS. INTERACTION OF ONE-ELECTRON ATOMS WITH ELECTRICAL AND MAGNETIC FIELD. NORMAL AND ANOMALOUS ZEEMAN EFFECT. PASCHEN-BACK EFFECT. STARK EFFECT (LINEAR AND QUADRATIC). PROBLEMS.
(4 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING).
TWO-ELECTRON ATOMS. HAMILTONIAN OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. SPIN WAVE FUNCTIONS AND TTHE ROLE OF THE PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE: PARA AND ORTHO STATES. ENERGY LEVELS OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. GROUND STATE AND EXCITED STATES OF A TWO-ELECTRON ATOM. PROBLEMS. (7 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
MANY ELECTRON ATOMS. THE CENTRAL FIELD APPROXIMATION. THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS. L-S COUPLING. J-J. HUND RULES. (2 HOURS LECTURES).

SOLID STATE PHYSICS

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. CRYSTAL LATTICES. RECIPROCAL LATTICE. BRILLOUIN ZONE.STRUTTURE CRISTALLINE. ESEMPI E TIPI DI RETICOLI CRISTALLINI. RETICOLO RECIPROCO. ZONE DI BRILLOUIN. BRAGG AND VON LAUE FORMULATION FOR THE X-RAY DIFFRACTION. PROBLEMS. (11 HOURS LECTURES AND 3 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
DRUDE MODEL OF THE METALS DC AND AC CONDUCTIVITY OF A METAL. HALL EFFECT AND MAGNETORESISTANCE. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY. WIEDEMANN AND FRANZ LAW. PROBLEMS. (8 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING).
THE SOMMERFELD THEORY OF METALS. DISTRIBUZIONE DI FERMI-DIRAC DISTRIBUTION. FREE ELECTRONS.THERMAL PROPERTIES OF A FREE ELECTRON GAS. ELECTRONIC SPECIFIC HEAT. PROBLEMS. (6 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
SCHROEDINGER EQUATION FOR A PERIODIC POTENTIAL. BLOCH THEOREM. PERIODICITY IIN THE MOMENTUM SPACE. ENERGY BANDS. QUASI-FREE ELECTRONS. TIGHT-BINDING APPROXIMATION. PROBLEMS. (6 HOURS LECTURES AND 4 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
THE SEMICLASSICAL MODEL. MOTION OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE BANDS AND THE EFFECTIVE MASS. CURRENTS IN THE BANDS AND HOLES. THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION AND THE RELAXATION TIME. PROBLEMS. (4 HOURS LECTURES AND 2 HOURS PROBLEM SOLVING).
SEMICONDUCTORS. THE BAND STRUCTURE OF SEMICONDUCTORS. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUTORS. CARRIERS IN SEMICONDUCTORS. INHOMOGENEOUS SEMICONDUCTORS. EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES OF A P-N JUNCTION. I-V CHARACTERISTICS. MAGNETORESISTANCE FOR A TWO CARRIER SYSTEM. PROBLEMS. (5 HOURS LECTURES AND 1 HOUR PROBLEM SOLVING).

	Teaching Methods
	LECTURES ARE ORGANIZED IN 80 TEACHING HOURS BETWEEN LESSONS (7 CFU) AND PROBLEMS SOLUTION (2 CFU). THEY ARE ORGANIZED IN THE FOLLOWING WAY: FOR ALL THE ARGUMENTS, AT THE END OF THE RESPECTIVE CYCLE OF LESSONS, SEVERAL PROBLEMS ON THE ARGUMENT WILL BE SOLVED IN THE CLASSROOM. THE TEACHER WILL PROPOSE THE FIRST EXAMPLES THEN THE STUDENTS WILL BE CALLED TO SHOW PROBLEMS SOLVED BY THEMSELVES.

	Verification of learning
	THE VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE LEARNING LEVEL OF THE STUDENT WILL BE DONE BY MEANS OF A FINAL EXAMINATION, WHICH CONSIST IN A WRITTEN TEST, BASED ON THE RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS, AND AN ORAL TEST. THE WRITTEN TEST, PREPARATORY TO THE ORAL TEST, HAS A TWO-HOUR DURATION. GENERALLY, THE STUDENT IS CALLED TO SOLVE ONE PROBLEM OF PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND TWO PROBLEMS OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS. EACH PROBLEM WILL EVALUATED ON THE SCALE OF TEN. THE MINIMUM GRADE TO PASS THE WRITTEN TEST IS 16/30. THE ORAL TEST CONSISTS OF QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION ON THE ARGUMENTS INDICATED IN THE PROGRAM AND DEVELOPED DURING THE LECTURES AND IT IS FINALIZED TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, CONSAPEABILITY, EXPOSURE CAPACITY AND SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDENT. THE FINAL GRADE IS GENERALLY DETERMINED BY THE AVERAGE OF THE VOTES OBTAINED IN THE TWO TESTS. THE MINIMUM GRADE TO PASS THE EXAM IS 18/30. THE LAUDE MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE STUDENTS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE MAXIMUM VOTE OF 30/30 HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE CAPACITY TO APPLY THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE AND COMPETENCES ON SUBJECTS OTHER THAN THOSE DEVELOPED DURING THE LECTURES.

Verification of learning

THE VERIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE LEARNING LEVEL OF THE STUDENT WILL BE DONE BY MEANS OF A FINAL EXAMINATION, WHICH CONSIST IN A WRITTEN TEST, BASED ON THE RESOLUTION OF PROBLEMS, AND AN ORAL TEST. THE WRITTEN TEST, PREPARATORY TO THE ORAL TEST, HAS A TWO-HOUR DURATION. GENERALLY, THE STUDENT IS CALLED TO SOLVE ONE PROBLEM OF PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND TWO PROBLEMS OF SOLID STATE PHYSICS. EACH PROBLEM WILL EVALUATED ON THE SCALE OF TEN. THE MINIMUM GRADE TO PASS THE WRITTEN TEST IS 16/30. THE ORAL TEST CONSISTS OF QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION ON THE ARGUMENTS INDICATED IN THE PROGRAM AND DEVELOPED DURING THE LECTURES AND IT IS FINALIZED TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE, CONSAPEABILITY, EXPOSURE CAPACITY AND SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDENT. THE FINAL GRADE IS GENERALLY DETERMINED BY THE AVERAGE OF THE VOTES OBTAINED IN THE TWO TESTS. THE MINIMUM GRADE TO PASS THE EXAM IS 18/30. THE LAUDE MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE STUDENTS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE MAXIMUM VOTE OF 30/30 HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE CAPACITY TO APPLY THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE AND COMPETENCES ON SUBJECTS OTHER THAN THOSE DEVELOPED DURING THE LECTURES.

	Texts
	1) B. B. BRANDSEN, C. J. JOACHAIN, PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES (LONGMAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL, ESSEX, 1983). 2) N. W. ASHCROFT, N. D. MERMIN, SOLID STATE PHYSICS (SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING, PHILADELPHIA, 1976). 3) EISBERG & RESNICK “QUANTUM PHYSICS OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, SOLIDS, NUCLEI, AD PARTICLES” 4) CHARLES KITTEL “INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE PHYSICS” (JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK, 2004) 5) H. IBACH, H. LUTH “SOLID-STATE PHYSICS” (SPRINGER, BERLIN, 1995) .

Texts

1) B. B. BRANDSEN, C. J. JOACHAIN, PHYSICS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES (LONGMAN SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL, ESSEX, 1983).
2) N. W. ASHCROFT, N. D. MERMIN, SOLID STATE PHYSICS (SAUNDERS COLLEGE PUBLISHING, PHILADELPHIA, 1976).
3) EISBERG & RESNICK “QUANTUM PHYSICS OF ATOMS, MOLECULES, SOLIDS, NUCLEI, AD PARTICLES”
4) CHARLES KITTEL “INTRODUCTION TO SOLID STATE PHYSICS” (JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK, 2004)
5) H. IBACH, H. LUTH “SOLID-STATE PHYSICS” (SPRINGER, BERLIN, 1995) .