Scienze Biologiche | ZOOLOGY

cod. 0512800029

ZOOLOGY

	0512800029
	DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY "ADOLFO ZAMBELLI"
	EQF6
	BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
	2022/2023

PERCORSO SHARED STUDY PLAN

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 2
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2016
	AUTUMN SEMESTER

TEACHING UNITS

SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
BIO/05	7	56	LESSONS	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS
BIO/05	1	12	LAB	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS

EXAMS

	Exam	Date	Session
	ZOOLOGIA	28/06/2023 - 10:00	SESSIONE ORDINARIA

	Objectives
	To provide the basic principles of Zoology through the study of the organizational plans of protists and metazoans, highlighting the relationships between structure, function and environment; to evaluate biodiversity in the light of phylogenetic and evolutionary theories. To Provide the student with useful theoretical tools to explain the adaptive strategies of animals and protozoa; to know the reproductive mechanisms of animals in an adaptive key based on interpretative models; to give the student cultural tools for the recognition and environmental/adaptive acquisitions of animals and protozoa for applications in the conservation field.

To provide the basic principles of Zoology through the study of the organizational plans of protists and metazoans, highlighting the relationships between structure, function and environment; to evaluate biodiversity in the light of phylogenetic and evolutionary theories.
To Provide the student with useful theoretical tools to explain the adaptive strategies of animals and protozoa; to know the reproductive mechanisms of animals in an adaptive key based on interpretative models; to give the student cultural tools for the recognition and environmental/adaptive acquisitions of animals and protozoa for applications in the conservation field.

	Prerequisites
	Basic knowledge of cell biology, chemistry and histology.

	Contents
	Notes on the history of Zoology. Zoology today. The objectives of zoology. The importance of zoological studies for the conservation of animal biodiversity. The concept of animal. The concept of species: typological, morphological, biological, ecological, and evolutionary. Linnean zoological nomenclature, taxonomic categories, and taxa.4 hours Section 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION The historical path of evolutionary theories: keywords: microevolution and macroevolution, evolutionary theory, theory of common descent, abiogenesis. Naturalists of ancient times. The Prelamarckian Scholars. Lamarck. The fixist reaction: Georges Cuvier and the theory of catastrophes. Evolutionary theory in its original formulation (Charles Darwin): the premises (geological principles of James Hutton's gradualism and Charles Lyell's actualism, artificial selection, Malthus, Wallace); theory (variations, growth, types of competition (struggle for existence), selection (artificial, natural, sexual). Post-Darwinian evolutionism: Neo-Darwinism (Weismann), Neolamarckism (Pavlov, Lysenko, epigenetics), Hologenians (Daniele Rosa), mutationism (Hugo De Vries), theory of punctuated equilibria (Stephen Jay Gould).2 hours The biological basis of variability: Keywords: genes and alleles, structural and regulatory genes, multiple alleles, gene locus, diploidy and polyploidy, phenotype and genotype. Expression of genes: monofactorial, multifactorial, pleiotropy. Gene expressivity. Mendel's laws. The meaning of sexual reproduction. Meiosis and Crossing over. Point mutations. Chromosomal mutations. Gene duplication.2 hours Stochastic events: Keywords: concept of population, gene pool, gene flow. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic drift. Bottleneck effect. Principle of the founder.2 hours Selective strategies: Reproductive fitness (fitness and inclusive fitness). Natural selection: stabilizing (normalizing), directive (directional), diversifying (disruptive), depending on the frequency, balancing (heterozygote advantage).2 hours Sexual selection: sexual competition, mate guarding, sperm competition, cryptic female choice, intrasexual and intersexual selection, handicap theory. Sexual dimorphism: in size, color, extreme dimorphisms, eusexual, somatosexual, seasonal characters, sexual liveries. Behavioral sexual dimorphism.2 hours Artificial selection: domesticated and tamed animals, the reasons for domestication, characteristics necessary for the success of domestication, domestication syndrome, advantages and disadvantages of domestication.2 hours Evolutionary principles and adaptations: divergent evolution: homologies, adaptive radiation, the phenomenon of the displacement of characters, behavioral homologies. Convergent evolution: morphological and behavioral analogies. Parallel evolution. Principles of development: von Bear's principles, gastrea theory. Evolutionary developmental biology (EVO-DEVO): developmental genes, heterotopia, heterochrony, heterometry, heterotypia. Regressive evolution: vestigial organs. Atavism.2 hours Adaptive strategies: Symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism (ectoparasites and endoparasites), parasitoism, brood parasites, social parasitism, behavioral effects of parasites, sexual parasitism, parasitic degeneration. Mimicry: cryptic homochromic, homomorphic, ephemeral, acquired. Camouflage strategies: disruptive designs, opposite shadow phenomenon, flashing designs. Self-mimicry. Aposematic stains. Faneric camouflage. Mullerian mimicry. Acoustic camouflage. Chemical camouflage. Animals and temperature: keywords: bioenergetics, metabolism, biological system, stenoterme and eurytherm species. Exchanges of heat: radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation. Body temperature regulation: endothermic and ectothermic. Structural thermal adaptations: furs, plumage, fatty pannicles, livery color, Bergmann and Allen rules. Behavioral thermal adaptations: sun exposure, postural attitudes, shelters, social thermoregulation, aestivation/hibernation. Physiological thermal adaptations: vasodilation/vasoconstriction, shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, counter-current exchangers, partial endothermia, transpiration and hyperpnea, regulation of metabolism, daily adaptive hypothermia (torpor), and seasonal. Global warming and adaptation: areal expansion, morphological changes.4 hours Section 2: REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL CYCLES REPRODUCTIVE MODES: Asexual reproduction: splitting, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, larval amplification. Sexual reproduction: gametogenesis, fertilization. Interpretive models of reproduction. Reproductive strategies: semelpar and iteroparous species, r and K strategies.2 hours SEX DETERMINATION: Chromosomal (singamic) determination. Environmental determination of sex (metagamic and progamic). Temperature dependent, photoperiod dependent and multifactorial determination of sex. Interpretative models.2 hours INTERSEXUALITY: Simultaneous hermaphroditism (sufficient, insufficient). Sequential hermaphroditism (sexual inversion): proterandry, proterogyny. Factors that determine the change of sex. Gonadal morphology. Experimental hermaphroditism, induced by parasites, secondary, by pesticides. Gynandromorphism.2 hours PARTENOGENESIS: Definitions according to the sex of the offspring. Restoration of diploidy (apomictic, self-infecting). Parthenogenetic models (accidental, optional, mandatory, geographic). Interpretative models.2 hours DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: Oviparity and viviparity. Nutritional modalities of embryos (oviparity and lecitotrophic and matrotrophic viviparity). Diffusion of viviparity. Pseudoviviparity. Mother / embryo nutrient transfer patterns (placentotrophy, trophoderma, oophagy, adelphagy). Egg-laying sites. Interpretative models.2 hours Risultati della traduzione Section 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN PHYLA The unicellular organizational level (protozoa): general organization of the main forms (amoebas, ciliates, flagellates and sporozoa), protozoa of interest to humans and the environment.2 hours The multicellularity (Porifera): ascon, sycon and leucon structures, cell types. Characteristics of calcareous, glassy, coral and cornea sponges.2 hours The tissue organizational level and radiated symmetry (cnidarians): polymorphism, metagenesis, general organization of hydrozoans, scyphozoans, cubozoans and anthozoans.2 hours The cephalization process and bilateral symmetry (flatworms): general organization of the Neodermata (monogenei, flukes and cestodes) and turbellars.2 hours The evolution of body cavities (nematodes): phasmids and aphasmids. Annelids: general organization of polychaetes, oligochetes and hirudines.2 hours Molluscs: general organization of aplacophores, monoplacophores, polyplacophores, gastropods (prosobranchs, opisthobranchs and lungs), bivalves, scapopods and cephalopods (decapods, octopods and nautiloids).4 hours The definitive conquest of the emerged lands (arthropods): general organization of chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans and insects; characteristics of the main orders of insects (odonates, orthoptera, hemiptera, diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, coleoptera).4 hours The return to radiated symmetry (echinoderms): general organization of asteroids, ophiuroids, echinoids, holothuroids and crinoids.2 hours Chordates: general organization of tunicates, cephalochordates and vertebrates (agnates, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).4 hours Laboratory activities.12 hours

Contents

Notes on the history of Zoology. Zoology today. The objectives of zoology. The importance of zoological studies for the conservation of animal biodiversity. The concept of animal. The concept of species: typological, morphological, biological, ecological, and evolutionary. Linnean zoological nomenclature, taxonomic categories, and taxa.4 hours
Section 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION
The historical path of evolutionary theories: keywords: microevolution and macroevolution, evolutionary theory, theory of common descent, abiogenesis. Naturalists of ancient times. The Prelamarckian Scholars. Lamarck. The fixist reaction: Georges Cuvier and the theory of catastrophes. Evolutionary theory in its original formulation (Charles Darwin): the premises (geological principles of James Hutton's gradualism and Charles Lyell's actualism, artificial selection, Malthus, Wallace); theory (variations, growth, types of competition (struggle for existence), selection (artificial, natural, sexual). Post-Darwinian evolutionism: Neo-Darwinism (Weismann), Neolamarckism (Pavlov, Lysenko, epigenetics), Hologenians (Daniele Rosa), mutationism (Hugo De Vries), theory of punctuated equilibria (Stephen Jay Gould).2 hours
The biological basis of variability: Keywords: genes and alleles, structural and regulatory genes, multiple alleles, gene locus, diploidy and polyploidy, phenotype and genotype. Expression of genes: monofactorial, multifactorial, pleiotropy. Gene expressivity. Mendel's laws. The meaning of sexual reproduction. Meiosis and Crossing over. Point mutations. Chromosomal mutations. Gene duplication.2 hours
Stochastic events: Keywords: concept of population, gene pool, gene flow. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Genetic drift. Bottleneck effect. Principle of the founder.2 hours
Selective strategies: Reproductive fitness (fitness and inclusive fitness). Natural selection: stabilizing (normalizing), directive (directional), diversifying (disruptive), depending on the frequency, balancing (heterozygote advantage).2 hours
Sexual selection: sexual competition, mate guarding, sperm competition, cryptic female choice, intrasexual and intersexual selection, handicap theory. Sexual dimorphism: in size, color, extreme dimorphisms, eusexual, somatosexual, seasonal characters, sexual liveries. Behavioral sexual dimorphism.2 hours
Artificial selection: domesticated and tamed animals, the reasons for domestication, characteristics necessary for the success of domestication, domestication syndrome, advantages and disadvantages of domestication.2 hours
Evolutionary principles and adaptations: divergent evolution: homologies, adaptive radiation, the phenomenon of the displacement of characters, behavioral homologies. Convergent evolution: morphological and behavioral analogies. Parallel evolution. Principles of development: von Bear's principles, gastrea theory. Evolutionary developmental biology (EVO-DEVO): developmental genes, heterotopia, heterochrony, heterometry, heterotypia. Regressive evolution: vestigial organs.
Atavism.2 hours
Adaptive strategies: Symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism (ectoparasites and endoparasites), parasitoism, brood parasites, social parasitism, behavioral effects of parasites, sexual parasitism, parasitic degeneration. Mimicry: cryptic homochromic, homomorphic, ephemeral, acquired. Camouflage strategies: disruptive designs, opposite shadow phenomenon, flashing designs. Self-mimicry. Aposematic stains. Faneric camouflage. Mullerian mimicry. Acoustic camouflage. Chemical camouflage. Animals and temperature: keywords: bioenergetics, metabolism, biological system, stenoterme and eurytherm species. Exchanges of heat: radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation. Body temperature regulation: endothermic and ectothermic. Structural thermal adaptations: furs, plumage, fatty pannicles, livery color, Bergmann and Allen rules. Behavioral thermal adaptations: sun exposure, postural attitudes, shelters, social thermoregulation, aestivation/hibernation. Physiological thermal adaptations: vasodilation/vasoconstriction, shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, counter-current exchangers, partial endothermia, transpiration and hyperpnea, regulation of metabolism, daily adaptive hypothermia (torpor), and seasonal. Global warming and adaptation: areal expansion, morphological changes.4 hours
Section 2: REPRODUCTIVE MECHANISMS AND BIOLOGICAL CYCLES
REPRODUCTIVE MODES: Asexual reproduction: splitting, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, larval amplification. Sexual reproduction: gametogenesis, fertilization. Interpretive models of reproduction. Reproductive strategies: semelpar and iteroparous species, r and K strategies.2 hours
SEX DETERMINATION: Chromosomal (singamic) determination. Environmental determination of sex (metagamic and progamic). Temperature dependent, photoperiod dependent and multifactorial determination of sex. Interpretative models.2 hours
INTERSEXUALITY: Simultaneous hermaphroditism (sufficient, insufficient). Sequential hermaphroditism (sexual inversion): proterandry, proterogyny. Factors that determine the change of sex. Gonadal morphology. Experimental hermaphroditism, induced by parasites, secondary, by pesticides. Gynandromorphism.2 hours
PARTENOGENESIS: Definitions according to the sex of the offspring. Restoration of diploidy (apomictic, self-infecting). Parthenogenetic models (accidental, optional, mandatory, geographic). Interpretative models.2 hours
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: Oviparity and viviparity. Nutritional modalities of embryos (oviparity and lecitotrophic and matrotrophic viviparity). Diffusion of viviparity. Pseudoviviparity. Mother / embryo nutrient transfer patterns (placentotrophy, trophoderma, oophagy, adelphagy). Egg-laying sites. Interpretative models.2 hours
Risultati della traduzione
Section 3: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN PHYLA
The unicellular organizational level (protozoa): general organization of the main forms (amoebas, ciliates, flagellates and sporozoa), protozoa of interest to humans and the environment.2 hours
The multicellularity (Porifera): ascon, sycon and leucon structures, cell types. Characteristics of calcareous, glassy, coral and cornea sponges.2 hours
The tissue organizational level and radiated symmetry (cnidarians): polymorphism, metagenesis, general organization of hydrozoans, scyphozoans, cubozoans and anthozoans.2 hours
The cephalization process and bilateral symmetry (flatworms): general organization of the Neodermata (monogenei, flukes and cestodes) and turbellars.2 hours
The evolution of body cavities (nematodes): phasmids and aphasmids. Annelids: general organization of polychaetes, oligochetes and hirudines.2 hours
Molluscs: general organization of aplacophores, monoplacophores, polyplacophores, gastropods (prosobranchs, opisthobranchs and lungs), bivalves, scapopods and cephalopods (decapods, octopods and nautiloids).4 hours
The definitive conquest of the emerged lands (arthropods): general organization of chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans and insects; characteristics of the main orders of insects (odonates, orthoptera, hemiptera, diptera, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, coleoptera).4 hours
The return to radiated symmetry (echinoderms): general organization of asteroids, ophiuroids, echinoids, holothuroids and crinoids.2 hours
Chordates: general organization of tunicates, cephalochordates and vertebrates (agnates, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals).4 hours
Laboratory activities.12 hours