Matematica | ALGEBRA I / ALGEBRA II

cod. 0512300038

ALGEBRA I / ALGEBRA II

	0512300038
	DIPARTIMENTO DI MATEMATICA
	EQF6
	MATHEMATICS
	2020/2021

PERCORSO SHARED STUDY PATHWAY

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 1
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2018
	ANNUALE

TEACHING UNITS

	SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
1	ALGEBRA I
	MAT/02	6	48	LESSONS	BASIC COMPULSORY SUBJECTS
2	ALGEBRA II
	MAT/02	6	48	LESSONS	BASIC COMPULSORY SUBJECTS

PROFESSORS

	MERCEDE MAJ21 T Curriculum
	MARIA TOTA21 Curriculum

	Objectives
	THE AIM OF THIS COURSE IS TO MAKE STUDENTS FAMILIAR WITH THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE, THE ABSTRACT FORMULATION OF A PROBLEM AND WITH THE STRICT REASONING. WE WILL STUDY ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES AND, IN PARTICULAR, GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES. 1. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: THIS COURSE WILL PROVIDE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SET THEORY, AND TO THE GENERAL THEORY OF ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES, WITH EMPHASYS ON PROPERTIES OF GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES. 2. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: COURSE AIM IS ALSO TO ENABLE STUDENTS TO IDENTIFY FINITE AND INFINITE SETS OF ANY CARDINALITY, AND TO USE ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES LIKE GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES. THE COURSE WILL TEND TO ENCOURAGE THE STUDENT'S ABILITY TO EXPOSE THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE CLEARLY AND RIGOROUSLY. ANOTHER GOAL OF THIS COURSE IS HABITING THE STUDENT TO FORMULATE PROBLEMS AND TO REASON STRICTLY. THE STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO ENCOUNTER DEFINITIONS, PROBLEMS AND THEOREMS REGARDING THE CONTENT OF THE TEACHING IN A CORRECT AND STRICT WAY. IT MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO SOLVE EXERCISES.

THE AIM OF THIS COURSE IS TO MAKE STUDENTS FAMILIAR WITH THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE, THE ABSTRACT FORMULATION OF A PROBLEM AND WITH THE STRICT REASONING. WE WILL STUDY ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES AND, IN PARTICULAR, GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES.
1. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: THIS COURSE WILL PROVIDE AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SET THEORY, AND TO THE GENERAL THEORY OF ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES, WITH EMPHASYS ON PROPERTIES OF GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES.
2. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: COURSE AIM IS ALSO TO ENABLE STUDENTS TO IDENTIFY FINITE AND INFINITE SETS OF ANY CARDINALITY, AND TO USE ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES LIKE GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTOR SPACES. THE COURSE WILL TEND TO ENCOURAGE THE STUDENT'S ABILITY TO EXPOSE THE ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE CLEARLY AND RIGOROUSLY.
ANOTHER GOAL OF THIS COURSE IS HABITING THE STUDENT TO FORMULATE PROBLEMS AND TO REASON STRICTLY.
THE STUDENT MUST BE ABLE TO ENCOUNTER DEFINITIONS, PROBLEMS AND THEOREMS REGARDING THE CONTENT OF THE TEACHING IN A CORRECT AND STRICT WAY. IT MUST ALSO BE ABLE TO SOLVE EXERCISES.

	Prerequisites
	BASIC KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED THROUGH HIGH SCHOOL COURSES.

	Contents
	SET THEORY. BASIC CONCEPTS. OPERATIONS ON SETS AND THEIR PROPERTIES. SET OF SUBSETS OF A SET. CARTESIAN PRODUCT AND CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN SETS. FUNCTIONS. IMAGE AND COUNTERIMAGE AND THEIR PROPERTIES. INJECTIVE, SURJECTIVE, BIJECTIVE FUNCTIONS. FUNCTION COMPOSITION. INVERSE OF A BIECTIVE FUNCTION. RIGHT AND LEFT INVERSE. THE TWO FORMS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION. DEFINITIONS BY INDUCTION. THE AXIOM OF CHOICE. ELEMENTS OF COMBINATORIAL CALCULUS. THE PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION / EXCLUSION. NUMBER OF FUNCTIONS AND OF INJECTIVE FUNCTIONS BETWEEN FINITE SETS. NUMBER OF PERMUTATIONS OF A FINITE SET. NUMBER OF SUBSETS OF A FINITE SET. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS. THE BINOMIAL THEOREM. EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND PARTITIONS. EQUIVALENCE CLASSES. FACTOR SET. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM ON EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS. CONGRUENCES BETWEEN INTEGERS. DEFINITION, COMPATIBILITY WITH THE OPERATIONS. OPERATIONS WITH INTEGERS MODULO N. INVERSES MODULO N. LINEAR CONGRUENTIAL EQUATIONS. ORDERING RELATIONS. MINIMAL AND MAXIMAL ELEMENTS. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM. MINORANTS AND MAJORANTS. GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR AND MINIMUM COMMON MULTIPLE. HASSE DIAGRAMS. TOTALLY ORDERED SETS. WELL ORDERED SETS. PATTERNS. INDUCTIVE SETS. ZORN’S LEMMA. EQUIPOTENT SETS. CARDINALITY OF A SET. COMPARISON BETWEEN CARDINALS. THEOREMS OF CANTOR, SCHRODER, BERNSTEIN (WITHOUT PROOF). HARTOGS THEOREM (WITHOUT PROOF). TRICHOTOMY THEOREM. CANTOR THEOREM. CARDINALITY OF P(S). FINITE AND INFINITE SETS. CHARACTERIZATION THEOREM OF INFINITE SETS. COUNTABLE SETS. JOIN OF A SUCCESSION OF COUNTABLE SETS. CARDINALITY OF Z, Q AND R. THE POWER OF CONTINUUM. CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS. GENERALIZED CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS. BASIC CONCEPTS ON ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES. INTERNAL COMPOSITION LAWS, COMMUTATIVE LAWS, ASSOCIATIVE LAWS, STABLE SUBSETS, INDUCED OPERATIONS, NEUTRAL ELEMENT, INVERTIBLE ELEMENTS. STABLE SUBSET GENERATED BY A SUBSET. ASSOCIATIVITY THEOREM (WITHOUT PROOF). REGULAR ELEMENTS, FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND COROLLARY RELATED TO FINITE SETS. CONGRUENCES, QUOTIENT OPERATION. THE CONCEPT OF AN ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREM. EXTERNAL OPERATIONS. ELEMENTS OF GROUP THEORY. DEFINITION OF GROUP. SUBGROUPS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATIONS. INTERSECTION OF SUBGROUPS, SUBGROUP GENERATED BY A SUBSET, SUBGROUP GENERATED BY THE UNION OF A FAMILY OF SUBGROUPS. GROUPS OF ORDER 6, SYMMETRIC GROUPS, GENERAL LINEAR GROUP OF DEGREE N ON A UNIT COMMUTATIVE RING. EQUIVALENCES IN A GROUP, INDEX OF A SUBGROUP, LAGRANGE THEOREM. NORMAL SUBGROUPS, FACTOR GROUP. SUBGROUPS OF A FACTOR GROUP. SUBGROUPS AND FACTORS OF Z. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS. CAYLEY'S THEOREM. CYCLIC GROUPS. PERIOD OF AN ELEMENT. ELEMENTS OF RING THEORY. DEFINITION, CALCULATION RULES, ZERO DIVISORS, INVERTIBLE ELEMENTS. INTEGRAL DOMAINS, DIVISION RINGS, FIELDS. SUBRINGS, DIVISION SUBRINGS. EXAMPLES. INTERSECTION OF SUBRINGS, SUBRING GENERATED BY A SUBSET. IDEALS OF A RING, UNIT RINGS WITHOUT NON-TRIVIAL IDEALS. MAXIMAL IDEALS. KRULL THEOREM. CONGRUENCES IN A RING, FACTOR RING, SUBRINGS AND IDEALS OF A FACTOR RING, FACTOR RING OVER A MAXIMAL IDEAL. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS. THE RING OF THE INTEGERS AND ITS FACTOR RINGS. CHARACTERISTIC OF A UNIT RING. ELEMENTS OF THEORY OF LEFT AND RIGHT VECTOR SPACES ON A DIVISION RING. VECTOR SPACES ON FIELDS. CALCULATION RULES. SUBSPACES. SUBSPACE GENERATED BY A SUBSET. LINEAR COMBINATIONS. LINEAR DEPENDENCE. FREE SUBSETS. BASES. BASIC EXISTENCE THEOREM. DIMENSION. FACTOR SPACES. HOMOMORPHISMS OF VECTOR SPACES. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS.

Contents

SET THEORY. BASIC CONCEPTS. OPERATIONS ON SETS AND THEIR PROPERTIES. SET OF SUBSETS OF A SET. CARTESIAN PRODUCT AND CORRESPONDENCES BETWEEN SETS. FUNCTIONS. IMAGE AND COUNTERIMAGE AND THEIR PROPERTIES. INJECTIVE, SURJECTIVE, BIJECTIVE FUNCTIONS. FUNCTION COMPOSITION. INVERSE OF A BIECTIVE FUNCTION. RIGHT AND LEFT INVERSE. THE TWO FORMS OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION. DEFINITIONS BY INDUCTION. THE AXIOM OF CHOICE.

ELEMENTS OF COMBINATORIAL CALCULUS. THE PRINCIPLE OF INCLUSION / EXCLUSION. NUMBER OF FUNCTIONS AND OF INJECTIVE FUNCTIONS BETWEEN FINITE SETS. NUMBER OF PERMUTATIONS OF A FINITE SET. NUMBER OF SUBSETS OF A FINITE SET. BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS. THE BINOMIAL THEOREM.
EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS AND PARTITIONS. EQUIVALENCE CLASSES. FACTOR SET. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM ON EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS.
CONGRUENCES BETWEEN INTEGERS. DEFINITION, COMPATIBILITY WITH THE OPERATIONS. OPERATIONS WITH INTEGERS MODULO N. INVERSES MODULO N. LINEAR CONGRUENTIAL EQUATIONS.
ORDERING RELATIONS. MINIMAL AND MAXIMAL ELEMENTS. MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM. MINORANTS AND MAJORANTS. GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR AND MINIMUM COMMON MULTIPLE. HASSE DIAGRAMS. TOTALLY ORDERED SETS. WELL ORDERED SETS. PATTERNS. INDUCTIVE SETS. ZORN’S LEMMA.
EQUIPOTENT SETS. CARDINALITY OF A SET. COMPARISON BETWEEN CARDINALS. THEOREMS OF CANTOR, SCHRODER, BERNSTEIN (WITHOUT PROOF). HARTOGS THEOREM (WITHOUT PROOF). TRICHOTOMY THEOREM. CANTOR THEOREM. CARDINALITY OF P(S). FINITE AND INFINITE SETS. CHARACTERIZATION THEOREM OF INFINITE SETS. COUNTABLE SETS. JOIN OF A SUCCESSION OF COUNTABLE SETS. CARDINALITY OF Z, Q AND R. THE POWER OF CONTINUUM. CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS. GENERALIZED CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS.
BASIC CONCEPTS ON ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES. INTERNAL COMPOSITION LAWS, COMMUTATIVE LAWS, ASSOCIATIVE LAWS, STABLE SUBSETS, INDUCED OPERATIONS, NEUTRAL ELEMENT, INVERTIBLE ELEMENTS. STABLE SUBSET GENERATED BY A SUBSET. ASSOCIATIVITY THEOREM (WITHOUT PROOF). REGULAR ELEMENTS, FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM AND COROLLARY RELATED TO FINITE SETS. CONGRUENCES, QUOTIENT OPERATION. THE CONCEPT OF AN ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREM. EXTERNAL OPERATIONS.
ELEMENTS OF GROUP THEORY. DEFINITION OF GROUP. SUBGROUPS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATIONS. INTERSECTION OF SUBGROUPS, SUBGROUP GENERATED BY A SUBSET, SUBGROUP GENERATED BY THE UNION OF A FAMILY OF SUBGROUPS. GROUPS OF ORDER 6, SYMMETRIC GROUPS, GENERAL LINEAR GROUP OF DEGREE N ON A UNIT COMMUTATIVE RING. EQUIVALENCES IN A GROUP, INDEX OF A SUBGROUP, LAGRANGE THEOREM. NORMAL SUBGROUPS, FACTOR GROUP. SUBGROUPS OF A FACTOR GROUP. SUBGROUPS AND FACTORS OF Z. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS. CAYLEY'S THEOREM. CYCLIC GROUPS. PERIOD OF AN ELEMENT.

ELEMENTS OF RING THEORY. DEFINITION, CALCULATION RULES, ZERO DIVISORS, INVERTIBLE ELEMENTS. INTEGRAL DOMAINS, DIVISION RINGS, FIELDS. SUBRINGS, DIVISION SUBRINGS. EXAMPLES. INTERSECTION OF SUBRINGS, SUBRING GENERATED BY A SUBSET. IDEALS OF A RING, UNIT RINGS WITHOUT NON-TRIVIAL IDEALS. MAXIMAL IDEALS. KRULL THEOREM. CONGRUENCES IN A RING, FACTOR RING, SUBRINGS AND IDEALS OF A FACTOR RING, FACTOR RING OVER A MAXIMAL IDEAL. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS. THE RING OF THE INTEGERS AND ITS FACTOR RINGS. CHARACTERISTIC OF A UNIT RING.
ELEMENTS OF THEORY OF LEFT AND RIGHT VECTOR SPACES ON A DIVISION RING. VECTOR SPACES ON FIELDS. CALCULATION RULES. SUBSPACES. SUBSPACE GENERATED BY A SUBSET. LINEAR COMBINATIONS. LINEAR DEPENDENCE. FREE SUBSETS. BASES. BASIC EXISTENCE THEOREM. DIMENSION. FACTOR SPACES. HOMOMORPHISMS OF VECTOR SPACES. HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS.

	Teaching Methods
	ALGEBRA I/II COURSE INCLUDES 96 HOURS OF CLASSROOM TEACHING, DIVIDED IN TWO MODULES. COURSE ATTENDANCE IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED EVEN IF NOT MANDATORY. LECTURES WILL INCLUDE THEORETICAL TOPICS SUPPORTED BY PRESENTATION OF EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES TO CLARIFY METHODS AND CONTEXTS OF USE OF THE ADDRESSED TOPICS. FOR THIS REASON, EXERCISES ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE SCHEDULED LESSONS. SOME LESSONS EXCLUSIVELY DEDICATED TO EXERCISES' DISCUSSION ARE ALSO PLANNED AT THE END OF EACH MODULE AND WITHIN THE 96 HOURS OF TEACHING.

Teaching Methods

ALGEBRA I/II COURSE INCLUDES 96 HOURS OF CLASSROOM TEACHING, DIVIDED IN TWO MODULES.
COURSE ATTENDANCE IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED EVEN IF NOT MANDATORY.
LECTURES WILL INCLUDE THEORETICAL TOPICS SUPPORTED BY PRESENTATION OF EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES TO CLARIFY METHODS AND CONTEXTS OF USE OF THE ADDRESSED TOPICS. FOR THIS REASON, EXERCISES ARE INTEGRATED INTO THE SCHEDULED LESSONS.
SOME LESSONS EXCLUSIVELY DEDICATED TO EXERCISES' DISCUSSION ARE ALSO PLANNED AT THE END OF EACH MODULE AND WITHIN THE 96 HOURS OF TEACHING.

	Verification of learning
	THE AIM OF THE EXAMINATION IS TO EVALUATE THE FAMILIARITY OF THE STUDENT WITH THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE, THE ABSTRACT FORMULATION OF A PROBLEM AND WITH THE STRICT REASONING. IN THE WRITTEN EXAMINATION THE STUDENT HAS TO SOLVE SIMPLE EXERCISES. IN THE ORAL EXAMINATION HE HAS TO TALK ABOUT EXAMPLES AND THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTORIAL SPACES. THE FINAL RESULT WILL BE 50% ON THE RESULT OF THE WTITTEN EXAMINATION 50% ON THE RESULT OF ORAL EXAMINATION

Verification of learning

THE AIM OF THE EXAMINATION IS TO EVALUATE THE FAMILIARITY OF THE STUDENT WITH THE MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE, THE ABSTRACT FORMULATION OF A PROBLEM AND WITH THE STRICT REASONING.
IN THE WRITTEN EXAMINATION THE STUDENT HAS TO SOLVE SIMPLE EXERCISES.
IN THE ORAL EXAMINATION HE HAS TO TALK ABOUT EXAMPLES AND THE PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF GROUPS, RINGS AND VECTORIAL SPACES.
THE FINAL RESULT WILL BE 50% ON THE RESULT OF THE WTITTEN EXAMINATION 50% ON THE RESULT OF ORAL EXAMINATION

	Texts
	M. CURZIO, P. LONGOBARDI, M. MAJ "LEZIONI DI ALGEBRA", LIGUORI, NAPOLI, II EDIZIONE 2014 M.CURZIO, P. LONGOBARDI, M. MAJ. "ESERCIZI DI ALGEBRA - UNA RACCOLTA DI PROVE D'ESAME SVOLTE", LIGUORI, NAPOLI, II EDIZIONE 2011.