Scienze Biologiche | GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

cod. 0512800011

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

	0512800011
	DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY "ADOLFO ZAMBELLI"
	EQF6
	BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
	2022/2023

PERCORSO SHARED STUDY PLAN

	OBBLIGATORIO
	YEAR OF COURSE 2
	YEAR OF DIDACTIC SYSTEM 2016
	SPRING SEMESTER

TEACHING UNITS

SSD	CFU	HOURS	ACTIVITY	TYPE OF ACTIVITY
BIO/09	7	56	LESSONS	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS
BIO/09	1	12	LAB	COMPULSORY SUBJECTS, CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CLASS

EXAMS

	Exam	Date	Session
	FISIOLOGIA GENERALE	26/06/2023 - 09:30	SESSIONE ORDINARIA

	Objectives
	KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: THE COURSE AIMS TO PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BASIC CELLULAR FUNCTIONS (PARTICULARLY IN EXCITABLE CELLS) AND OF THE MAIN MODES OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS, INCLUDING NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONAL/CELLULAR COMMUNICATION. IN ADDITION, APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING: STUDENTS WILL LEARN HOW TO APPLY AN EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR THE STUDY OF CELLULAR FUNCTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
THE COURSE AIMS TO PROVIDE KNOWLEDGE OF THE BASIC CELLULAR FUNCTIONS (PARTICULARLY IN EXCITABLE CELLS) AND OF THE MAIN MODES OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS, INCLUDING NERVOUS SYSTEM AND HORMONAL/CELLULAR COMMUNICATION. IN ADDITION,
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING:
STUDENTS WILL LEARN HOW TO APPLY AN EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR THE STUDY OF CELLULAR FUNCTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

	Prerequisites
	KNOWLEDGE IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

	Contents
	INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY. INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. (2 H LESSON) TRANSIT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE INTRODUCTION THEORY: FLOW DEFINITION AND DRIVING FORCE. FLOW MODE IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. THE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANES: PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT AND PERMEATION ROUTES. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT. DIFFUSION IN THE PHOSPHOLIPID MATRIX. MIGRATION THROUGH THE CHANNELS: LEAKAGE ION CHANNELS, CHEMO- AND VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CHANNELS, AQUAPORIN. THE MEDIATED TRANSPORT: FACILITATED DIFFUSION (GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS: GLUT), THE PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (NA / K PUMP, THE H + / K + PUMP, CA ++PUMPS), THE SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (SGLT NA + / GLUCOSE, NA+/NEUROTRANSMITTER, H + / NEUROTRANSMITTER, HCLO3- / CL AND HAMBURGER PHENOMENON) (10 H LESSON). ION FLOWS AND MEMBRANE POTENTIAL THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. THEORETICAL ASPECTS: THE NERNST EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL (NERNST EQUATION), THE GIBBS-DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL AND THE DONNAN EFFECT. GENESIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL: DIFFUSION POTENTIAL, GOLDMANN EQUATION. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL, THE ROLE OF THE NA + / K + PUMP. PASSIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANES: RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE. PASSIVE ELECTRICAL RESPONSES OF MEMBRANES: ELECTROTONIC POTENTIAL AND CABLE PROPERTIES (THE TIME CONSTANT, , AND THE SPACE CONSTANT, ). TECHNIQUES TO STUDY THE MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND IONIC CURRENTS: CURRENT-CLAMP, VOLTAGE-CLAMP AND PATCH-CLAMP (10 H LESSON). THE ACTION POTENTIAL. ACTIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEMBRANES OF EXCITABLE CELLS: LOCAL RESPONSE AND ACTION POTENTIAL. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION POTENTIALS (PHASES OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL, THE THRESHOLD VALUE, THE LAW OF "ALL OR NOTHING", THE REFRACTORY PERIOD). IONIC GENESIS OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL: THE HODGKIN CYCLE, THE ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIODS. EXPERIMENTS OF HODGKIN AND HUXLEY BY MEANS OF THE VOLTAGE BLOCK TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE IONS INVOLVED IN EARLY AND LATE CURRENTS: REVERSAL POTENTIAL. VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS: ACTIVATION AND INACTIVATION. THE PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL IN MYELINATED AND MYELINATED FIBRES. (8H LESSON) COMMUNICATION IN NERVOUS SYSTEM SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION: ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SYNAPSES. EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL. POST-SYNAPTIC AND PRE-SYNAPTIC INHIBITION. NEUROTRANSMITTERS: RELEASE OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER, THE ROLE OF CALCIUM (EXPERIMENTS OF KATZ AND MILEDI, LINAS EXPERIMENTS), QUANTUM RELEASE (EXPERIMENTS OF FATT AND KATZ). MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION. NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS; IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS. (6 H LESSON) ENCODER AREA. ACOUSTIC RECEPTORS AND PHOTORECEPTORS.(4H LESSON) NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. MUSCLE EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING. ROLE OF CALCIUM. THEORY OF THE SLIDING FILAMENTS. LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP IN THE SARCOMERE.(2H LESSON) METABOLIC COMMUNICATION MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES THAT ACT VIA INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS. MEMBRANE RECEPTORS: CHANNEL RECEPTORS, RECEPTORS ACTING ON TRIMERIC G-PROTEINS, RECEPTOR OPERATING BY ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, GUANYLATE CYCLASE RECEPTORS. G PROTEINS. SECOND MESSENGERS (CAMP, DAG AND IP3, CGMP, CALCIUM). (10 H LESSON) HORMONES INVOLVED IN GLYCEMIC HOMEOSTASIS AND HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY METABOLISM: INSULIN AND THYROID HORMONES (4 H LESSON) DIDACTIC LABORATORY OF TECHNIQUES USED TO EVALUATE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL STRESS. (12H LABORATORY)

Contents

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY. INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION: THE ROLE OF THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. (2 H LESSON)
TRANSIT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE
INTRODUCTION THEORY: FLOW DEFINITION AND DRIVING FORCE. FLOW MODE IN AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION. THE PERMEABILITY OF CELL MEMBRANES: PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT AND PERMEATION ROUTES.
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT. DIFFUSION IN THE PHOSPHOLIPID MATRIX. MIGRATION THROUGH THE CHANNELS: LEAKAGE ION CHANNELS, CHEMO- AND VOLTAGE-DEPENDENT CHANNELS, AQUAPORIN. THE MEDIATED TRANSPORT: FACILITATED DIFFUSION (GLUCOSE TRANSPORTERS: GLUT), THE PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (NA / K PUMP, THE H + / K + PUMP, CA ++PUMPS), THE SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT (SGLT NA + / GLUCOSE, NA+/NEUROTRANSMITTER, H + / NEUROTRANSMITTER, HCLO3- / CL AND HAMBURGER PHENOMENON) (10 H LESSON).
ION FLOWS AND MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. THEORETICAL ASPECTS: THE NERNST EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL (NERNST EQUATION), THE GIBBS-DONNAN EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL AND THE DONNAN EFFECT. GENESIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL: DIFFUSION POTENTIAL, GOLDMANN EQUATION. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL, THE ROLE OF THE NA + / K + PUMP. PASSIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MEMBRANES: RESISTANCE AND CAPACITANCE. PASSIVE ELECTRICAL RESPONSES OF MEMBRANES: ELECTROTONIC POTENTIAL AND CABLE PROPERTIES (THE TIME CONSTANT, , AND THE SPACE CONSTANT, ). TECHNIQUES TO STUDY THE MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND IONIC CURRENTS: CURRENT-CLAMP, VOLTAGE-CLAMP AND PATCH-CLAMP (10 H LESSON).
THE ACTION POTENTIAL. ACTIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEMBRANES OF EXCITABLE CELLS: LOCAL RESPONSE AND ACTION POTENTIAL. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION POTENTIALS (PHASES OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL, THE THRESHOLD VALUE, THE LAW OF "ALL OR NOTHING", THE REFRACTORY PERIOD). IONIC GENESIS OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL: THE HODGKIN CYCLE, THE ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIODS. EXPERIMENTS OF HODGKIN AND HUXLEY BY MEANS OF THE VOLTAGE BLOCK TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE IONS INVOLVED IN EARLY AND LATE CURRENTS: REVERSAL POTENTIAL. VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS: ACTIVATION AND INACTIVATION. THE PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL IN MYELINATED AND MYELINATED FIBRES. (8H LESSON)
COMMUNICATION IN NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION: ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL SYNAPSES. EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL. POST-SYNAPTIC AND PRE-SYNAPTIC INHIBITION. NEUROTRANSMITTERS: RELEASE OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER, THE ROLE OF CALCIUM (EXPERIMENTS OF KATZ AND MILEDI, LINAS EXPERIMENTS), QUANTUM RELEASE (EXPERIMENTS OF FATT AND KATZ). MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION. NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS; IONOTROPIC AND METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS. (6 H LESSON) ENCODER AREA. ACOUSTIC RECEPTORS AND PHOTORECEPTORS.(4H LESSON)
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. MUSCLE EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING. ROLE OF CALCIUM. THEORY OF THE SLIDING FILAMENTS. LENGTH-TENSION RELATIONSHIP IN THE SARCOMERE.(2H LESSON)
METABOLIC COMMUNICATION
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HORMONES THAT ACT VIA INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS. MEMBRANE RECEPTORS: CHANNEL RECEPTORS, RECEPTORS ACTING ON TRIMERIC G-PROTEINS, RECEPTOR OPERATING BY ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, GUANYLATE CYCLASE RECEPTORS. G PROTEINS. SECOND MESSENGERS (CAMP, DAG AND IP3, CGMP, CALCIUM). (10 H LESSON)
HORMONES INVOLVED IN GLYCEMIC HOMEOSTASIS AND HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY METABOLISM: INSULIN AND THYROID HORMONES (4 H LESSON)
DIDACTIC LABORATORY OF TECHNIQUES USED TO EVALUATE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION IN RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND NUTRITIONAL STRESS. (12H LABORATORY)

	Teaching Methods
	THE TEACHING INCLUDES 56 HOURS OF ASSISTED TEACHING (7 CREDITS) IN THE FORM OF LECTURES THAT TAKE PLACE WITH THE HELP OF PROJECTIONS AND 1 CFU (12 H) OF LABORATORY ACTIVITIES

	Verification of learning
	The achievement of the teaching objectives is certified by passing an examination with evaluation on base thirty score.The exam prevents an oral DISCUSSION OF ISSUES RELATED TO THE TOPICS OF THE COURSE. IN PARTICULAR, STUDENTS WILL HAVE TO SHOW THAT THEY HAVE ACQUIRED NOTIONS REGARDING: RESTING POTENTIAL, ELECTROTONIC POTENTIAL, ACTION POTENTIALS. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION. TRANSPORT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE. CELLULAR COMMUNICATION.

Verification of learning

The achievement of the teaching objectives is certified by passing an examination with evaluation on base thirty score.The exam prevents an oral DISCUSSION OF ISSUES RELATED TO THE TOPICS OF THE COURSE. IN PARTICULAR, STUDENTS WILL HAVE TO SHOW THAT THEY HAVE ACQUIRED NOTIONS REGARDING: RESTING POTENTIAL, ELECTROTONIC POTENTIAL, ACTION POTENTIALS. SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION. TRANSPORT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE. CELLULAR COMMUNICATION.

	Texts
	TESTI CONSIGLIATI: VANNI TAGLIETTI: FONDAMENTI DI FISIOLOGIA GENERALE ED INTEGRATA. EDISES CARBONE, CICIRATA, AICARDI FISIOLOGIA DALLE MOLECOLE AI SISTEMI INTEGRATI EDISES FISIOLOGIA MEDICA -A CURA DI FIORENZO CONTI EDI ERMES TESTI PER APPROFONDIMENTI FISIOLOGIA UMANA - FONDAMENTI BELFIORE,ET AL. EDI ERMES FISIOLOGIA MEDICA DI GANONG- PICCIN NETTER’S FISIOLOGIA L’ESSENZIALE- PICCIN TEACHING MATERIALS: HTTPS://DOCENTI.UNISA.IT/023816/RISORSE?CATEGORIA=335&RISORSA=2894

Texts

TESTI CONSIGLIATI:
VANNI TAGLIETTI: FONDAMENTI DI FISIOLOGIA GENERALE ED INTEGRATA. EDISES
CARBONE, CICIRATA, AICARDI FISIOLOGIA DALLE MOLECOLE AI SISTEMI INTEGRATI EDISES
FISIOLOGIA MEDICA -A CURA DI FIORENZO CONTI EDI ERMES
TESTI PER APPROFONDIMENTI
FISIOLOGIA UMANA - FONDAMENTI BELFIORE,ET AL. EDI ERMES
FISIOLOGIA MEDICA DI GANONG- PICCIN
NETTER’S FISIOLOGIA L’ESSENZIALE- PICCIN

TEACHING MATERIALS:
HTTPS://DOCENTI.UNISA.IT/023816/RISORSE?CATEGORIA=335&RISORSA=2894

	More Information
	The student will use the teaching material (lecture notes, scientific articles, etc.) available on the Department's website. The teacher is available to receive students on the days indicated in the teacher's page on request sent by email. llionetti@unisa.it

Lessons Timetable

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